Our data demonstrated that Wallemia and Irpex were the most discriminatory against RA patients over 60 years old, while Pseudeurotiaceae was the most discriminatory against female RA patients. Furthermore, since RA is an age- and gende-related disease, we classified RA patients into subgroups with age and gender and analyzed the sequencing results. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis (LEfSe) analysis identified several RA-enriched fungal genera, which were positively correlated with most RA biomarkers. The gut mycobiota of RA patients was characterized by decreased abundance of Pholiota, Scedosporium, and Trichosporon. Our results showed that the fungal diversity did not alter in RA patients but taxonomic composition of the fecal fungal microbiota did. Fecal fungal microbiota targeting internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) rRNA genes was investigated using MiSeq sequencing, as well as their associations with some diagnostic biomarkers for RA. Fecal samples were obtained from 42 RA patients and 39 HCs. Serum samples were obtained from 62 patients with RA, and 39 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HCs). However, our understanding of alterations to the gut fungal microbiota in Chinese population with RA is still limited. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease, in addition, gut microbiota plays an important role in the etiology of RA. Alterations of gut fungal microbiota in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cite this article Sun X, Wang Y, Li X, Wang M, Dong J, Tang W, Lei Z, Guo Y, Li M, Li Y. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 5 Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China DOI 10.7717/peerj.13037 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Vasco Azevedo Subject Areas Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Mycology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rheumatology Keywords Rheumatoid arthritis, Dysbiosis, Gut mycobiota, Age, Gender Copyright © 2022 Sun et al.
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